Antonopoulou, Vivi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-4191
Ong, Madeline https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4092-2152
Meyer, Carly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2268-3055
Beale, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4038-7460
Lorencatto, Fabiana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-7957
Michie, Susan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-6378
Aldridge, Robert W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-0816
Hayward, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3549-6232
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health & Social Care
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Grant (MC_PC 19070 & MR/V028375/1)
Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
:
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Virus Watch Study was approved by the Hampstead NHS Health Research Authority Ethics Committee (Ethics approval number 20/HRA/2320). Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.