Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study strictly adhered to rigorous ethical standards, obtaining clearance from the Committee on Human Research, Publication, and Ethics at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (Ref. CHRPE/AP/528/23).To uphold transparency and respect for participants, we communicated the study’s objectives and secured both oral and written informed consent before initiating data collection. Participants were explicitly informed of the voluntary nature of their involvement, ensuring they could decline to answer sensitive or personal questions and withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.