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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 1 February 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using de-identified data obtained from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Because the SEER dataset contains no personally identifiable information and the research did not involve direct interaction with human participants, institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required. Consent to participate was not required for this study because it utilized de-identified, publicly available secondary data from the SEER Program. No direct contact with human subjects occurred.

: Consent for publication was not required, as all data were de-identified and publicly accessible, and no individual-level identifiable information is included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.