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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 8 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Kadiri’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) granted ethical approval for this study (Ref. No. 018/27/VI/KEP/UNIK/2023) in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. For those under 18 years of age, consent was obtained from the elders/coordinators of street children’s groups who were over 21 years old and served as de facto guardians. These elders/coordinators are responsible for the younger street children in their groups. All the participants provided written informed consent. The ethics committee approved this approach to ensure appropriate protection of this vulnerable population. Throughout the study period, strict measures were taken to ensure privacy and confidentiality.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.