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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study is a mathematical modeling investigation using publicly available epidemiological data and does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or primary data collection requiring ethical approval. This research utilized only publicly available aggregated epidemiological data and did not involve individual human participants.

: The authors consent to the publication of this manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.