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Authors
Khan, Ahad Mahmud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-0825
Islam, Md Shafiqul https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6109-7717
Chowdhury, Nabidul Haque https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-1152
Ahmed, Salahuddin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-0638
Tabassum, Rezwana
Haque, Kazi Sazzadul https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5914-198X
Afrin, Sadia
Amin, Zannatul Ferdush
Rumi, Afroza Yeasmin
Rahman, Jawata
Bhuiyan, Rakib
Rashid, Rizouan Ur
Nahar, Kamrun
Simpson, Robynne
Ahmed, Ayaz
Shi, Ting https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-4535
Baqui, Abdullah H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-1983
Cunningham, Steve https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-251X
McCollum, Eric D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1872-5566
Campbell, Harry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-6262
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (16/136/109)
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
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: We obtained ethical approval from the National Research Ethics Committee of the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC), Bangladesh (Registration Number: 39315022021), and the Edinburgh Medical School Research Ethics Committee (EMREC), Edinburgh, UK (REC Reference: 21-EMREC-040). All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the respective institutional review boards and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of all participating children prior to enrolment. The consent process included explicit permission for video recording during data collection and the use of de-identified recordings for research and expert panel assessment.
: Consent for publication was obtained from the parents or guardians of each child.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
