Shakeri Shamsi, Fateme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-9313
Taheri Soodejani, Moslem https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-7569
Shoraka, Hamid Reza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9256-6946
Article History
Received: 6 September 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The Research Ethics Committee of Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences approved this study with the Ethical ID IR.ESFARAYENUMS.REC.1403.028. The GBD 2021 study adhered to established ethical standards and was approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB granted a waiver of informed consent because the analysis used de‑identified data. Detailed information regarding ethical oversight and data use procedures is available in the official GBD study protocol (https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/about-gbd/protocol). This study was conducted using publicly available data from the GBD Study 2021 and did not involve human or animal subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.