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Article History

Received: 23 August 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 22 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the College of Nursing’s Research Ethics Committee, University of Baghdad (Ethical approval No: TSJ/1412; date of Issue: 15/06/2024). The Research Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the study’s objectives, methodology, and participant protection measures, confirming that appropriate provisions for voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, and anonymity were in place. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time. Informed written and verbal consent was obtained from each participant before data collection. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Research Ethics Committee, University of Baghdad and also approved by the mentioned ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.