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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study strictly adhered to rigorous ethical standards, obtaining clearance from the Committee on Human Research, Publication, and Ethics at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (Ref. CHRPE/AP/528/23). To uphold transparency and participant respect, we communicated the study’s objectives and secured both oral and written informed consent before initiating data collection. Participants were explicitly briefed on the voluntary nature of their involvement, assuring them the option to refrain from answering sensitive or personal questions and withdraw from the study at any point without facing penalties.

: Not applicable.

: DA and EMA declare no conflict of interest. WA-D and PP declare that they are Guest Editors at Discover Public Health under the collection, “Health Literacy and Informal Caregiving”.