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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol, data collection instruments, and consent procedures were reviewed and approved by the Oyo State Ministry of Health Research Ethics Committee, Department of Planning, Research, and Statistics Division, Oyo State, Nigeria (Approval No. NHREC/OYOSHRIEC/10/11/22) as well as the Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry (Approval Number SOM/BCHM/192/2016).

: Participants and/or their legal guardian(s) were informed that their digital identifiers were not collected in the form, while disseminating and publishing results publicly to policymakers. Please refer to the data link shared at (https://forms.gle/bK7w2nWapeji2Yqs7).

: Written informed consent was obtained digitally. The consent form was embedded as the first mandatory page of the online questionnaire. Participants were required to read the consent information and indicate agreement (by selecting “I consent”) before proceeding to the survey questions. The questionnaire was designed in such a way that without providing their consent, respondents could not proceed into the questionnaire. For participants under 18 years, the same process applied, and they were instructed to obtain approval from their legal guardian(s) before completing the form. All procedures adhered to the principles of voluntary participation, confidentiality, and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors declare no competing interests.