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Authors
Callejas-Calvo, Rosario https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2550-7223
Campos-Silva, Martín J. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5187-052X
Iturriaga-Jofré, Andrés https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-6016
Flores-Alvarado, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-0578
Medina-Marín, Felipe A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-9237
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 7 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data from the Chilean National Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ENS) 2016–2017. The ENS 2016–2017 protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (project No. 16–019). Because the present study used anonymized public-domain data and no individual participants can be identified, additional ethics committee approval was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants as part of the original ENS 2016–2017 procedures. No additional consent was required for this secondary analysis of anonymized, publicly available data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
