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Authors
Larson, Forrest https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4124-6114
Le, Gordon
Rolle, Italia V.
Sands, Madeline
Ussery, Faith
Ater, Abraham
Abdul-Quader, Abu
Sardon, Gary
Philip, Neena M.
Ndagije, Felix
Mwima, Gerald
Mgomella, George
Asiimwe, Fred M.
Mharadze, Tendayi
Kancheya, Nzali G.
Zulu, Fatima Glyn
Mkhontfo, Mandzisi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (U2GGH002173)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 22 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval and guidance were provided by in-country ethics and regulatory bodies (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe) and the institutional review boards (IRBs) of Columbia University, Westat, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and followed all relevant national and institutional guidelines for public health surveys and research involving human data. All participants were informed of the study’s objectives before providing voluntary written consent to participate in the surveys. All survey responses were confidential and reported anonymously.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
