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Authors
Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon
Tawfiq, Essa
Ezadi, Zainab
Jafari, Massoma
Dadras, Fateme
Sayam, Hadia
Dadras, Omid
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: The Research and Ethics Committee of the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine at Kandahar University waived the requirement for ethical approval, as this study involved the use and analysis of secondary data from the MICS 2022–2023. The MICS survey was approved by Afghan Ministry of Public Health and UNICEF. In the original MICS survey, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the interviews, and for children, consent was provided by their legal guardians. Additionally, all procedures adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
