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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Access to data for research purposes was approved on February 6, 2024. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) legislation, neither ethics approval nor patient consent is required for registry linkage studies. The authors had no access to information that could identify individual participants during or after data collection. In accordance with standard ethical guidelines and regulations, all participants aged 18 and older in the UNHCR survey provided informed consent during enumeration. Furthermore, parents or guardians of all participants aged 15 to 17 gave informed consent before the legal minors were asked for their assent. Data analyzed in this study is available in the public domain ( ) [ ].

: This study is based on publicly available, anonymized secondary data provided by UNHCR. As such, individual consent to publish was not required. The authors affirm that all data are presented in aggregate form, ensuring no identifiable information is disclosed. Permission to use and publish findings from the UNHCR data was obtained in accordance with the data access and usage policies of the original data custodians.

: The authors declare no competing interests.