Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 August 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require formal ethical approval with an institutional review board, as no intervention or clinical procedure was involved. However, all ethical principles for research with minors were carefully followed, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the academic committee of the Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, before data collection. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents or legal guardians, as all participants were under 18 years of age. Participation was entirely voluntary, and students were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any stage without any consequences.

: All participants and their parents or legal guardians provided written consent for the publication of anonymized quotations and summarized findings. No identifying personal information (such as names or school details) has been disclosed anywhere in the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.