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Article History

Received: 15 October 2025

Accepted: 14 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the institutional ethics review body of the University of Dodoma. The study was conducted in accordance with the University of Dodoma Research Ethics Committee guidelines and relevant national requirements for research involving human participants. Administrative permission to collect data was also obtained from the appropriate local authorities and facility in-charges before fieldwork commenced. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without any consequences. Data were anonymized during collection, analysis, and reporting.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data or images.

: The authors declare no competing interests.