Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used secondary data from Afrobarometer Round 9 for Nigeria. The dataset is publicly accessible, fully anonymized, and contains no identifying information. According to institutional and international guidelines for secondary data analysis, separate ethical approval was not required. Afrobarometer obtains ethical approval and informed consent from all respondents at the point of data collection and adheres to strict confidentiality and ethical standards.

: Since this analysis relies solely on secondary anonymised data of Afrobarometer, no further consent to publish was necessary.

: The authors declare no competing interests.