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Authors
Yilma, Abebayehu N.
West, Kirstin P.
Sauve, Hannah E.
Sznajder, Kristin K.
Hwang, Grace
Baatiema, Leonard
Kenu, Ernest
Noora, Charles L.
Roba, Kedir Teji
Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat
Kisiel, Marta A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Institute of Energy and the Environment (IEE) at Penn State University
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee (GHS-ERC 024/08/24) and the Pennsylvania State University Institutional Review Board (STUDY00025492). Written informed consent was obtained from all survey participants prior to enrollment. Participants in the focus group discussion provided separate written consent for participation and audio recording. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable. No individual-level identifiable data are included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
