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Authors
Hossain, Sayed Jubair Bin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3599-5293
Rumi, Maruf Hasan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-5615
Ahmed, Shahbaz
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study employed second-hand data collected as part of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) project of 2011 and 2021 in Nigeria. This study does not involve any data collection stage; rather, data are publicly available, with no identifiable details of the respondents. As no primary data collection involving human participants was conducted, ethical approval from an institutional review board (IRB) was not needed. All data was handled in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines for secondary data analysis. Not applicable. This research utilized existing survey data collected by government agencies; no participants were directly recruited or contacted for this study.
: Not applicable. The study involves analysis of anonymized secondary data already in the public domain.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
