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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 15 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used a secondary dataset from the DHS website ( ). Formal ethics approval was not required because the dataset was publicly available and used for research purposes. The dataset was used in accordance with ethical criteria established by the DHS Program, including informed permission, participant privacy, and confidentiality. Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the DHS Program at the time of data collection. The DHS data are anonymized before public release, ensuring participant privacy and confidentiality. No identifiable personal information was accessed or used in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.