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Authors
Sun, Chen
Yi, Xiaohan
Soe, Nyi Nyi
Latt, Phyu Mon
Wang, Biying
Zhao, Zhongqun
Yu, Zhen
Xu, Xianglong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2025YFC3507503)
the Artificial Intelligence Promoting Scientific Research Paradigm Reform and Empowering Discipline Program (A1-N24-301-0114)
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Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data from the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The Peking University Institutional Review Board granted ethical approval for all waves of CHARLS. The IRB approval number for the self-reported questionnaire (including physical examination measurements) was IRB00001052-11015; the IRB approval number for the biomarker collection was IRB00001052-11014. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Because the present study used anonymized public-domain data, additional ethics committee approval was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s) as part of the original CHARLS study procedures. No additional consent was required for this secondary analysis of anonymized, publicly available data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experimental protocols and procedures in this study were performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations in China. The study design and reporting comply with the Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence (TRIPOD-AI) guidelines.
