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Authors
Barua, Lingkan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9281-3839
Omi, Fardina Rahman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9135-9937
Bhuiyan, Rijwan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-8889
Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-4473
Faruque, Mithila https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-2824
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1665-7966
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study analyzed secondary data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–2018, which is publicly available and accessible. The BDHS 2017–2018 survey was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at ICF, Maryland, USA (Approval Number: ICF IRB FWA00000845; ICF Project Number: 132989.0.000.BD.DHS.02), and the National Ethics Committee of Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Approval Number: Ref: BMRC/NREC/2016–2019/324). Thus, for the current study, no additional ethical approval is required to conduct this study. Informed consent was obtained from all participants of BDHS 2017–2018 before the data collection. The used dataset is anonymized so that there are no individual identifiers reported in the data set.
: It is not applicable as we used a secondary data set.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
