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Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 14 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All the ethical guidelines and principles mentioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and others, essential to address the ethical aspects of the research commenced in humans were taken into account. Accordingly, this study was reviewed and ethical approval was issued by the Institutional Review Board of Hawassa University College of medicine and health science on 14/5/2021 with Ref.No: HCHS05/15/234/1. Then, official letter was given to Sidama Regional public health institute then written permission was provided for each health facilities. Furthermore, detailed explanation of the purpose and possible benefit of the study was given for healthcare providers and mothers in labour by the data collectors. Finally, verbal consent was obtained from all study groups and confidentiality of the data was kept.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was obtained from every study participant after explaining the objectives of the study and they were informed about the right to withdraw at any time from the study. Confidentiality was assured by using anonymity. Pregnant women having abnormal clinical and laboratory results were provided with treatment, and nutritional counseling accordingly.

: The authors declare no competing interests.