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Article History

Received: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital (Ref. No.: 2079/80/31), and all methods adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. As a retrospective assessment of existing medical records, all data were anonymized before analysis, and identifiable information was used only to determine participant eligibility. The Institutional Review Committee, KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital, waived informed consent, including parental/guardian approval for individuals under the age of 18, because the study involved minimal risk and no direct contact with patients. Consequently, individual informed consent to participate and consent to publish were not required. To ensure diagnostic accuracy and reliability, all tests were performed by qualified medical laboratory technologists and verified by a clinical biochemist. Ethical issues, such as plagiarism, data fabrication, and duplicate publication, have been fully observed by the corresponding authors.

: All study procedures, including sample collection, centrifugation, laboratory analysis, and interpretation of thyroid-related parameters, were conducted in strict adherence to relevant international laboratory and clinical guidelines (CLSI, WHO International Standard for TSH, CDC NHANES laboratory procedures, and American Thyroid Association clinical practice guidelines).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.