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Article History

Received: 17 October 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Ethiopia’s national research ethics guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Review Board of Ambo University, College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital. A formal letter of cooperation was submitted to the selected hospitals prior to data collection. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw at any time, and that anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly maintained. No personal identifiers were recorded.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.