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Authors
Ali, Hamse Arab
Khadar, Asma
Nuh, Abdulkadir Mohamed
Abdi, Hamse Adam
Osman, Osman Mohamed
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan
Muse, Mahomoud Sulaiman
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Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 17 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized de-identified, publicly available secondary data from the 2020 Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS). The original SDHS survey protocols were reviewed and approved by the appropriate national authorities and the ICF Institutional Review Board. All participants provided informed consent prior to data collection. The present analysis used anonymized secondary data and therefore did not require additional institutional ethical approval.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the original Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS 2020). For this secondary data analysis, separate consent to participate was not required.
: Consent for publication: not applicable. (This study uses anonymized data with no personally identifiable information).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
