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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 3 April 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The research protocol underwent review and approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Addis Ababa University College of Developmental Studies (CDS), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [Ref. No:111/04/2025].

: Consent to publish was obtained through the informed consent procedures and ethical approval of the study. All household and individual-level identifiers were removed to ensure anonymity. The analyses were conducted exclusively at an aggregate level, and no identifiable individual data were used or reported. The authors confirm that this work is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is submitted voluntarily. The authors further grant the publisher permission to publish, reproduce, and distribute the content in both online and print formats.

: The study procedures closely followed the Helsinki Declaration and other human research regulations. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The original data collection process included obtaining informed consent from all participants, ensuring their voluntary participation, and understanding of the study’s purpose. Data collection was done anonymously, and numerical codes were employed for analysis.

: The authors declare no competing interests.