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Authors
Alhamza, Hamza
Kwavayi, Zindzi
Sayed, Abdulkarim B
Youssef, Amira Magdi
Waheed, Ahmer
Quisteriano, Modesto
Al-Alem, Fadiah Omar
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 19 April 2026
Declarations
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: to conduct this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City (approval date: 7 November 2024; IRB No. 127-2024-IRB). The study was classified as non-clinical research, involving the analysis of aggregated institutional operational, energy, procurement, and environmental data, with no involvement of patients, clinical interventions, or identifiable personal health information.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
