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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available, anonymized data from the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) derived from the Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey (AHIES). The original data collection by the GSS was conducted in accordance with the Statistical Service Act, 2019 (Act 1003), following all required ethical standards and informed consent procedures. Access to the dataset was granted by the GSS following a formal data access request submitted by the authors. As the authors of this study did not have any direct interaction with study participants and the dataset contains no personal identifiers, additional ethical and institutional review board (IRB) approval was not required.

: Verbal informed consent was obtained from participants before the interviews.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.