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Authors
Lu, Jiang https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7213-1067
Wu, Gu-Feng https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9401-8270
Zhao, Jia-Qi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7124-6231
Chuah, Soo-Cheng
Abdullah, Sharifah Shafinaz Sh
Zulkifli, Ahmad Fahim
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 8 April 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized data sourced from the publicly available CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) database. All data were anonymized, ensuring compliance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The CHARLS research team has obtained approval from the Peking University Institutional Review Board (Approval No. IRB00001052 - 11015). Not applicable for this secondary analysis. Informed consent was obtained by the CHARLS research team at the time of the original survey.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
