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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This present study is based on secondary data of the Longitudinal Ageing Study, wave 1 (LASI-I) 2017-18, which is a nationally representative survey of adults aged 45 years and above. LASI was conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, in collaboration with the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and the University of Southern California. Ethical approval for LASI was obtained from the IIPS Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the collaborating institutions. Since the present analysis uses publicly available, de-identified data, no additional ethical approval was required. The dataset used for this study is fully anonymized and contains no personal identifiers. Written informed consent was obtained from all respondents prior to their participation in the LASI survey. For individuals with limited capacity to provide consent, proxy consent procedures were implemented in accordance with the guidelines approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). All participants were aged 45 years and above (along with their spouses, irrespective of age), and participation was voluntary.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.