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Article History

Received: 12 October 2025

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Hanoi University of Public Health, Vietnam (Approval No. 382/2021/YTCC/HD3, dated October 25, 2021) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Data collection was conducted from late October to December 2021, following ethical approval. The study was conducted in accordance with the Committee's ethical guidelines and regulations, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of all participants and their information.

: Electronic informed consent was obtained from all respondents before they participated in the online survey, which was conducted from late October 2021. Informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians on behalf of the minor participants. All respondents and their parents or guardians were provided with sufficient information about the study to make an informed decision about participation.

: Consent for publication was not applicable, as no individual identifiable data, images, or personal details of participants are included in this manuscript. All data were analyzed and presented in aggregate form to ensure confidentiality and anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.