Meng, Lidian
Zheng, He
Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 26 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The study protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Approval numbers: 98 − 12, 2005-06, 2011-17, and 2018-01). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment in the NHANES survey.
: Not applicable. This article does not include any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.