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Authors
Siame, Lukundo
Kabidiki, Chris
Mandumbwa, Kalusambu
Martin, Chakulya
Povia, Joreen P.
Cheelo, Chilala
Miyoba, Michelo Haluuma
Siame, Nema
Hamooya, Benson M.
Liweleya, Situmbeko
Masenga, Sepiso K.
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee on June 7, 2024 (Ref: SMHS-MU2-2024-120). As de-identified secondary data were used, informed consent was waived. All data were anonymized, and no identifiable information was collected. The study adhered to STROBE reporting guidelines (see Supplementary File 1). Clinical trial number: not applicable. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee because the study used de-identified secondary data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
