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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 13 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is based on secondary data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). The Central Ethics Committee on Human Research (CECHR) under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) provided the necessary ethical guidance, guidelines, and approval for conducting the LASI survey, and all survey procedures were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Prior informed consent, including signed and oral consent for interviews and biomarker tests, was obtained from eligible respondents by the survey agencies in accordance with Human Subjects Protection procedures. As the present study used anonymized secondary data, no separate ethical approval was required for this analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.