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Authors
Rahmatika, Qory Tifani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6329-4294
Aditya, Ronal Surya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-7233
Santi, Neni Fidya https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8162-7903
Solikhah, Fitriana Kurniasari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-8299
Ramadhan, Muhammad Putra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1416-3954
Masfi, Achmad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-2475
Afiani, Nurma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6685-762X
Evi, Nurul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-9389
Laili, Nadia Rohmatul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-8852
Al Mutairi, Reem Iafi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4367-3937
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia (approval number: KEPK-3214). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national ethical guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without consequence, and confidentiality was ensured through anonymization of all data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
