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Authors
Moumin, Abdirizak Mohamed https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9453-4048
Abdi, Khadar Mowlid https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9987-7855
Salih, Omran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7861-5502
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Article History
Received: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 17 May 2026
Declarations
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: Informed consents to participate and publish were obtained from all participants or from a parent and or legal guardian for participants under 18 years of age during the data collection of the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey.
: Not applicable as the study used anonymized secondary data. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the original survey by a data collection agency.
: The original 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) data collection protocol was reviewed and approved by the relevant institutional review boards of Somalia and the ICF Institutional Review Board. As this study involved the analysis of publicly available anonymized secondary data, with no direct contact with human subjects, no additional ethical clearance was required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
