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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 11 May 2026

Declarations

:

: In line with the ethical principles for medical research involving human participants, including the use of identifiable human material and data as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki developed by the World Medical Association, this study was conducted in full compliance with these standards. Consistent with these principles, this study obtained ethical approval from the Nigerian National Health Research Ethics Committee. The cRCT protocol was reviewed and approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC) (Approval No. NHREC/01/01/2007-13/09/2023), as well as the Oyo State Ethics Review Committee (AD13/479/939) and Kwara State Ministry of Health Ethics Committee (KWHREC0403/2023) for implementation at local levels.

: Not applicable. No identifiable personal information is published, and participants provided informed consent as part of the ethics-approved study protocol.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were provided with clear information about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and were assured that their participation was entirely voluntary. They were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process, and reporting adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) and Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.