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Authors
Nindrea, Ricvan Dana
Novera, Milya
Armaita,
Ming, Long Chiau
Tayo, Lemmuel
Kasinda, Yodi
Aprila, Puti Karima
Rivani, Nailah Putri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, through the EQUITY Program
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 6 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia (Approval No. DP.04.03/D.XVI.XI/575/2025), in accordance with the relevant ethical guidelines and regulations for human research. The research was conducted following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical standards set by the committee. All participants were adults aged 18 years and above, and participation was strictly voluntary. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
