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Article History

Received: 16 February 2026

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 17 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study employed a retrospective design utilizing secondary, aggregated national-level data. The data regarding malaria incidence were obtained from official reports by the Somaliland Ministry of Health Development and the World Health Organization (WHO). Climate and socio-demographic data were sourced from the World Bank and public environmental repositories. As the study utilized non-identifiable, publicly available, or officially reported aggregated statistics, it did not involve direct engagement with human subjects. Therefore, specific ethical clearance or patient consent was not required, in accordance with national guidelines and standard ethical protocols for secondary data analysis.

: Not applicable. This manuscript utilizes aggregated data and does not contain details, images, or videos relating to any person.

: The authors declare no competing interests.