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Authors
Ghosh, Ranjita https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-0639
Syamala, T. S. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9864-5644
Mozumdar, Arupendra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2170-2656
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Article History
Received: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 24 May 2026
Declarations
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: The paper used secondary data sources (National Family Health Survey 2015-16 and 2019-21) for analysis. The ethical approval was taken by the Institutional Review Boards of the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, and collaborating institutions. During data collection, the data was anonymized and informed consent was taken. The datasets are publicly available and contain no identifiable information. Hence, no additional ethical approval was required for the analysis. Informed consent was taken from all respondents by the NFHS implementing agencies during data collection. The respondents’ participation was voluntary, and respondents’ confidentiality was strictly maintained throughout the survey
: The datasets are publicly available for research (The DHS Program - Available Datasets) hence, no consent is required for publishing.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
