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Authors
Kelkay, Jenberu Mekurianew
Haile, Elsabeth Alemayehu
Hailu, Simon Zemenfes
Anjulo, Mussie Tsegaye
Asfeha, Natnael Fitsum
Yiheyis, Meseret Mulugeta
Gemeda, Adugna Tadesse
Mehari, Yohana Moges
Adugna, Lidya Fekadu
Anteneh, Deje Sendek
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Article History
Received: 13 January 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study used publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 1990–2021, provided by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). According to institutional and international research ethics guidelines, studies based exclusively on aggregated, anonymized secondary data do not require formal ethical approval or informed consent, as they do not involve human participants directly. The study was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical standards and guidelines for secondary data analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
