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Authors
Ubah, Chioma B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-4499
Akpan, Margaret I.
Ojong, Mmefone A.
Idio, Ifiok U.
Emeng, Innocent E.
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Article History
Received: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 6 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Cross River State Ministry of Health, Calabar. The ethical approval number for this study is CRS/MH/HREC/2025/VOL.2/234. The conduct of this research was in alliance with the ethical guidelines governing research involving human participants, such as respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Nigerian Code for Health Research Ethics. A written informed consent form was issued to all participants. All participants were fully informed about the nature and objectives of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants, with confidentiality of their responses ensured. For illiterate participants, the consent form was read to them in a language they can understand (Efik, Ibibio, or Pidgin English).
: Not applicable, no individual-level data, images, or identifiable information are included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
