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Article History

Received: 28 October 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 7 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria (Ethics Number: 383/2023). Permission was granted by the Gauteng Department of Education and the Tshwane North District. School principals and governing bodies also consented to the study. Participation was voluntary, with written informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians and assent from the learners. Participants were assured of confidentiality, privacy, anonymity, and non-maleficence, and all data were securely stored. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.