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Article History

Received: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used publicly available, anonymised secondary data from the World Health Organization’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (Version 6.0). No individual-level data were accessed. In accordance with international guidelines for secondary analysis of publicly available data, formal ethical approval was not required. Not applicable. The study used aggregated, anonymised secondary data available in the public domain and did not involve direct participation of human subjects.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.