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Authors
Byansi, Jude Zziwa
Semiyaga, Swaib
Katukiza, Alex Yasoni
Bateganya, Najib Lukooya
Nakaye, Angella Mercy
Kansiime, Frank
Kulabako, Robinah Nakawunde
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Makerere University (EP/J00538X/1)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (EP/J00538X/1)
Kampala Capital City Authority (EP/J00538X/1)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Makerere University College of Business and Management Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Reference No. CoBAMS-REC-2023-14) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) (Reference No. SIR254ES). The study was conducted in accordance with the National Guidelines for Research Involving Humans as Research Participants of Uganda. Participants were provided with information regarding the purpose of the study, confidentiality, anonymity, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Freely given informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement through signing a written consent form. The study complied with the relevant ethical guidelines, regulations, and laws of Uganda.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
