Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 November 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee for Basic and Applied Sciences (ECBAS) at the University of Ghana (Ref: ECBAS 019/24–25). Additional institutional approval was granted by the Graduate Studies Committee of the Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability Studies, University of Ghana.Permission to conduct the study was obtained from relevant market authorities and municipal officials. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For participants aged below 18 years, assent was obtained alongside consent from a parent or guardian in accordance with approved ethical procedures. All participants were informed of the study objectives, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout data collection, storage, and reporting.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication. The authors confirm that the manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All participants consented to the use of anonymised data for research and publication purposes. No identifying personal information is included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.