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Authors
Onguélé-Okemba, Ghidmar https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9883-6402
Ekouya Oba, Nemrod Lazarel
Banga-Mouss, Roland Bertile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-0392
Ondziel Opara, Steve Aristide
Dimi Nyanga, Yannick Ijosdi
Ondzé Oponguy, Christ Albertin Obongha https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8879-4602
Ngassiélé, Daniela Gloire
Mayala, Jesvy Naasson
Odzébé, Anani Wencesl Severin
Bouya, Prosper Alain
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Article History
Received: 10 February 2026
Accepted: 13 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
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: Confidentiality and anonymity of the information gathered were assured. This research was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki's ethical guidelines. The study received approval from the Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the Republic of the Congo (Ref. No. 024-40/MERCIT/DGRST/CERSSA/-23). Written or oral informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable. The information is completely anonymized and devoid of any personally identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This manuscript has not been previously published by any other journal. A preprint of this manuscript has been uploaded to Research Square under the .
: The map presented in this article was generated using the online data visualization tool Datawrapper (Datawrapper GmbH, Berlin, Germany), based on freely available national data (Fifth General Population and Housing Census [RGPH-5]): resident populations of localities in Congo, available via the link ). The visualization is available via the link . No copyrighted material belonging to third parties was used.
