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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was received from the Institutional Review Board of Hanoi University of Public Health, Vietnam (Decision No. 131/2022/YTCC-HD3). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All primary data collection was conducted after ensuring that the reporting of results would protect the participants’ identities.

: All participants provided informed consent for the publication of the data and results presented in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.