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Article History

Received: 7 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 18 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical clearance for this study was granted by the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Institutional Review Board (Ref. No. DA 282/298/01.C/1739). Additional administrative permissions were obtained from the district medical offices of Ilala, Temeke, and Kinondoni municipal councils, as well as from the selected health facilities in Dar es Salaam. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.n Eligible participants were provided with detailed information regarding the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were informed of their right to decline participation or withdraw at any time without consequences. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Where necessary, verbal consent procedures were also applied as approved by the ethics committee.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.